ICEtwo Canadian glaciers (circa 18,000 years ago)
appropriate subjects for a hot summer day!
anyone that is not disinterested....read on.
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[1] The Laurentide ice sheet covered eastern & central Canada, the ice mass originating near northern Quebec, Labrador & Newfoundland...and spread out to the south & west into Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana & Illinois. [ref "The Long Summer [page 46]" by Brian Fagan]
It last covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day. At times, its southern margin included the modern sites of New York City and Chicago, and then followed quite precisely the present course of the Missouri River up to the northern slopes of the Cypress Hills, beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet [ref ***]
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The Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered most of Canada was up to 2 mi (3.2 km) thick in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada but much thinner at its edges.[ ref ** ***]
( https://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/beringia/glaciation.html ) **
( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet )***
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[2] The Cordilleran glacier moved southward from source areas in British Columbia reaching the latitude of Seattle. [ref "The Long Summer [page 46]" by Brian Fagan]
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At the height of the last ice age 18,000 years ago, the oceans were about 120 m (400 ft) lower than they are today. Large amounts of water were sitting on land in the form of glaciers that covered a good portion of North America, Europe, and Asia.
The North Sea and the Baltic Sea were mostly land. The Bering Strait that now separates Siberia from Alaska was also above sea level.
reference below:
https://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/impact-global-warming
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[3] how the great lakes were formed [animation]
to your address bar, copy/paste the link below:
https://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/item_id.211898/workspace_id.26697/How%20The%20Great%20Lakes%20Were%20Formed%20(Video).swf/
#1 present glacier coverage today [North America]
#2 northern hemisphere glaciers maximum
#3 Laurentide/Cordilleran ice sheets 18,000 years ago
#5 ice sheets advancing to max
#6 ice sheets retreating [formation of the Great Lakes]
#8 #9 #10 #11 the Great Lakes...14,000 9,000 7,000 4,000 years ago respectively
#12 with the glaciers gone, the land begins to decompress [isostatic rebound] at a rate of 7.5 cm [2.95 inches] every 100 years.
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[4] Hudson Bay......depth
the depth is getting shallower and shallower. In fact, the isostatic rebound is happening faster than the melt water is rising,
Isostatic rebound is said to be greatest in the world in the Hudson bay area, and in the northern climes of Norway and Sweden. Both areas are rising in excess of 15 mm annually.
15 mm = 0.59 inches = 1.5 cm
Thus, not only is the bay getting shallower, but the shoreline is shrinking. This is readily apparent on the western shoreline, where marine deposits are visible many miles from the current lakebed.
The lakebed is attributed by many geologists to the weight of the last ice sheet, said to have exceed two miles in thickness, centered over the current bay area. These same authorities suggest the bay will eventally disappear, unless the next ice age intervenes first
link below
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AHudson_Bay
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[5] isostatic rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy.
It affects northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica
link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound
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glaciers ...benefits to mining
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[6] Goldcorp's Éléonore property......located in Quebec, James Bay area
History
The first recording of exploration work on the Éléonore property dates back to 1964 when Noranda Exploration discovered and drill tested a copper showing located within the Ell Lake diorite intrusion
At that time, Noranda judged that results were insufficient to pursue exploration in this remote location and the project was abandoned.
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Virginia’s 2002 - 2003 exploration program led to the discovery of angular boulders of intensely altered meta-sediments grading up to 22.9 ppm in gold. The following year, Virginia traced back the gold bearing boulders glacial train to an outcrop located some 6km northeast. This outcrop became the Roberto Deposit.
After completion of its due-diligence, Goldcorp entered in to a binding agreement with Virginia and completed the transaction in late March 2006.
Starting on April 1, 2006 Goldcorp-Opinaca’s project team took over management of all site activities, doubled the drilling meterage done on the property, confirmed the mineralization continuity within the previously identified zones, and extended the limit of the deposit laterally and at depth.
reference:
wikimapia.org/18810000/Eleonore-Gold-Deposit-Lease-Area
The Éléonore project ......... On target for first production in late-2014, development is proceeding on schedule.
...... new development plan details a doubling of the plant thorughput to 7,000 tonnes per day, contributing to an average of more than 600,000 ounces of gold production per year. The deposit remains open at depth and future exploration success creates the potential for further gold production upside
reference:
https://www.goldcorp.com/English/Unrivalled-Assets/Mines-and-Projects/Canada-and-US/Development-Projects/Eleonore/Overview-and-Development-Highlights/default.aspx
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Eastmain Resources' Eleonore South property is a joint venture project with Goldcorp, Eastmain and Azimut. A 14 kilometre-long gold-in-soil anomaly, detected from 2005 surveys, occurs on the south boundary of Goldcorp's Eleonore property.
https://www.eastmain.com/quebec.php
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[7] "Greenland offers exploration homerun potential"
https://aheadoftheherd.com/Newsletter/2013/Greenland-Offers-Exploration-Homerun-Potential.htm
the following is an exerpt from the above address:
Although the central portion of Greenland is covered by a large ice sheet left over from the last ice age, the ice-free zone around the ice cap is up to 300 kms wide and covers an area of 410,000 km² (area of Germany is 357,000 km). The scouring forces of the glaciers have left behind large areas of clean exposed rock for geologists to prospect while the melting snow and ice from the inland icecap creates potential for hydro-electric power generation.
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[8] https://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/impact-global-warming
the following is an excerpt from the above link.
"Over the past 425,000 years the Earth has gone through four ice ages punctuated by brief warm periods"
one would expect that four glaciations slowly grinding their way back & forth across the continent would leave at least some areas with minimal overburden.
the Marshall Lake property [Cu, Zn, Ag, Au] could be one such area.
Stefan Wazniac in his 21 minute video states that the property [a] has very little overburden, mineralization is at or near surface [open-pit potential], [c] trenching & outcrops equates to low exploration costs. [time 13:10] https://www.viddler.com/explore/objectivecapita/videos/72/
Marshall Lake [940 total claim units] [10 km x 16 km] is located in the Thunder Bay area, about 100 km east/north/east of Armstrong, & about 300 km southwest of the "ring-of-fire" Eagle One property... current ownership White Tiger Mining 50 %, Rainy Mountain Royalty & Marshall Lake Mining PLC 25 % each.
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[9] Diamonds
Rivers, streams and glaciers can carry diamonds far from the original volcanoes.
With much of Canada underlain by ancient bedrock, the existence of diamond-bearing kimberlite makes Canada a prime target for exploration. The first Canadian diamond was found in 1920 near Peterborough, Ontario by a worker digging a railroad cut. This diamond, and perhaps others, originated in kimberlite pipes located in the far north. Erosion released the precious mineral from a pipe and ancient glaciers pushed the diamond south.
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Natural diamonds were used to make a tiny window in the pioneer spacecraft that went to Venus in 1978.
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where to find diamonds in Canada:
....[a]Northwest Territories Wawa, Ontario [c]Chapleau, Ontario [d]James Bay Lowlands [e]Even more prospective sites in Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec
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Most diamonds are 3 billion years old
On the Mohs scale of hardness diamonds are the hardest at 10
Diamonds are better heat conductors than copper
Diamonds are the birthstone for April
Diamonds are measured by their weight in carats. One carat is equal to 1/100th of an ounce. The average diamond in an engagement ring weighs less than 1 carat.
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reference:
https://uwaterloo.ca/earth-sciences-museum/what-earth/what-earth-minerals/what-earth-diamond
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[10] just a side-note:
Ring of Fire.....a 600,000 square kilometre area in the James Bay Lowlands.
the area is 400 kilometres west of James Bay.
The terrain is flat & swampy .
[reference East West Resources 2008 annual report]
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Since at one time, the area was covered by the Laurentide ice sheet, the area is now in isostatic rebound mode.
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https://www.kwgresources.com/photo_gallery/
some informative pictures from above link.
[a] #7, #8, #10, #12 drills on the "Big Daddy" chromite deposit.
KWG Resources owns 30% of Big Daddy.
#11 note swamp around the outcrop.
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enfin.....c'est fini
have a cool day
.
Terrible