allain250 wrote: Professional[edit]
Professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure.[citation needed] Henry Oldenburg (1619–1677) was a British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.[1][2][3]
WA prototype[clarification needed] professional peer-review process was recommended in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishq ibn Al al-Ruhw (854–931). He stated that a visiting physician had to make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would decide whether the treatment had met the required standards of medical care.[4]
Professional peer review is common in the field of health care, where it is usually called clinical peer review.[5] Further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also physician peer review, nursing peer review, dentistry peer review, etc.[6] Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process: accounting,[7][8] law,[9][10] engineering (e.g., software peer review, technical peer review), aviation, and even forest fire management.[11]
Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives, particularly as a tool to reach higher order processes in the affective and cognitive domains as defined by Bloom's taxonomy. This may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine.[12][13]