RE:Improvement in fibrosisor a reduction in inflammatory changes.
An increase in interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta levels leads to transglutamination, which may induce formation of Mallory-Denk bodies in the cells. An increase in TGF-beta, IL8 and RANTES levels result in the recruitment of neutrophils, leading to cellular inflammation. An increase in TGF-beta levels activates stellate cells and leads to collagen secretion as well as a reduction in extracellular matrix degradation. This phenomenon ultimately results in histological fibrosis.
Biomarkers offer a potential prognostic or diagnostic indicator for disease manifestation, progression or both. Serum biomarkers, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance and C-peptide, have been used for many years. Emerging biomarkers, such as apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids, ghrelin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, have been proposed as tools that could provide valuable complementary information to that obtained from traditional biomarkers. Moreover, markers of cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction (cytokeratins) represent powerful predictors of risk. For biomarkers to be clinically useful in accurately diagnosing and treating disorders, age-specific reference intervals that account for differences in sex and ethnic origin are a necessity.