RE:RE:RE:Nat'l Blueprint for Lithium Batteries 2021-2030 Excellent article! Thanks for Sharing Willamscreek road. Unfortunetely it quite clearly demonstrates my fears. I believe the ICP mine-life was anticpated to be about 12 years or so, say production through 2034, and with hopes that additional reserves that would increase mine-life. However, it is very clear that industry is pushing very hard and very quickly to remove Cobalt from EVs. No wonder Joe Biden didn't fund the 100M. Below are locations within your article to look at.
Like I said, the perfect storm is coming.
#1: Worlds biggest Cobalt producer coming back on line within a year. Glencore's contribution to global cobalt was 27,400 tonnes or nearly 20% of the global total."
#2: As seen below, the U.S. has clearly decided to eradicate Cobalt from its supply chains
#3: The U.S. also has stated (again, see below), that SolidState is in it long term vision.
So it is a race against time. Cobalt prices will be capped in the short term (2022) due to Glencore. There is a constant battle to minimize Cobalt, with the leading manufactures leading the way (Tesla's 4860 Cobalt free battery, the #1 EV seller in the word; and BYD's LFP's batteries which has 15% of the china market now; and Panasonic).
Below are links within the article Williamscreekrd submitted (thanks Williamscreek for that).
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/FCAB%20National%20Blueprint%20Lithium%20Batteries%200621_0.pdf
Page 6:
GOAL 1 :The goal is to reduce U.S. lithium-battery manufacturing dependence on scarce materials, especially cobalt and nickel.
GOAL 2 The elimination of critical minerals (such as cobalt and nickel) from lithium batteries, and ...
Page 10:
Manganese is a material to watch given it is on the United States Geological Survey list and has the potential to increase in content in the cathode if the long-term goal is to reduce or eliminate Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) content
Page 18:
LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES (2030)
1. Eliminate cobalt and nickel in lithium-ion batteries by supporting processing R&D efforts
Page 19:
NEAR-TERM OBJECTIVES (2025)
2. Support the development of materials processing innovations to produce low/no cobalt active materialsand enable scale up.
LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES (2030)
1.Support the development of materials processing innovations to produce cobalt- and nickel-free active materials and enable scale up.
Page 22
NEAR-TERM OBJECTIVES (2025)
1. Support research to develop cobalt-free cathode materials and electrode compositions focused on ...
LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES (2030)
1.Develop cobalt- and nickel-free cathode materials ...ty, electrochemical stability, safety,
and cost and outperform
2. Accelerate R&D to enable the demonstration and at-scale production of revolutionary battery technologies including solid-state and Li-metal, that achieve a production cost of less than $60/kWh, a specific energy of 500 Wh/kg, and are cobalt- and nickel-free.
Another article:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435117300442
The implications for research based on this perspective span many scales. First, continued research into cathode materials that alleviate some of these supply issues is of interest, particularly those that are cobalt free.
13 Manganese is a material to watch given it is on the United States Geological Survey list and has the potential to increase in content in the cathode if the long-term goal is to reduce or eliminate Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) content.