Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers in the CNS.
The myelin sheath is a protective layer that helps to insulate nerve fibers and allows for efficient transmission of electrical signals between neurons. When the myelin sheath is damaged, the nerve impulses are slowed down or blocked, which can lead to a range of neurological symptoms.
In MS, immune cells known as T-cells infiltrate the CNS and attack the myelin sheath. This triggers an inflammatory response that damages the myelin and leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). Over time, this damage can also affect the underlying nerve fibers, leading to permanent neurological damage.
The specific causes of MS are not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is also evidence to suggest that viral infections may play a role in triggering the immune response that leads to myelin damage in MS.
Treatment for MS typically involves medications that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, as well as therapies to manage symptoms and promote function.