Copper, often called the bellwether metal as a barometer of global economic health, is a metal vital to the green energy transition. Demand has been growing for the red metal, and energy and metals researcher Wood Mackenzie expects end-use copper demand from passenger EVs to jump to around 2.9 million tonnes over the next decade from about 600,000 tonnes in 2021.
Read also: Ranked: World’s top ten biggest gold projects
For a snapshot of the copper supply chain of tomorrow, MINING.COM and sister company Miningintelligence compiled a list of the top 10 largest undeveloped copper projects and ranked them according to copper resources in the measured and indicated and inferred categories.
Based on our criteria, we excluded Udokan Copper’s Udokan in Russia, Zijing’s Timok in Serbia and Anglo American’s Quellaveco in Peru, which have moved into the construction and commissioning phases.
#1 Pebble
Development status: Preliminary Economic Assessment. Geology: Porphyry, Supergene Copper
Northern Dynasty Minerals’ Pebble project in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska leads the list by a distance, containing 37.18 million tonnes (mt) of copper. Pebble has been plagued by controversy, delays and environmental opposition over the years, and the project’s key water permit was formally rejected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers last year.
This year, U.S. President Joe Biden’s administration said it will relaunch a process that could permanently protect Bristol Bay from development. The decisions are currently being challenged by Northern Dynasty Minerals, and in October 2021 the company released a preliminary economic assessment. If permitted, Pebble would be North America’s largest mine.
#2 Resolution
Development status: Feasibility. Geology: Porphyry
Rio Tinto and BHP’s Resolution copper project in Arizona comes in second with a 27.7 million tonne copper resource. The world’s top two miners have spent US$2 billion over 26 years trying to launch Resolution into production, but have faced continued opposition from Native American groups and environmentalists. A 2014 decision by former President Barack Obama and the U.S. Congress set in motion a complex process to give Rio federally owned Arizona land that contains more than 40 billion pounds of copper and would be one of the world’s largest underground mines.
#3 La Granja
Development status: Advanced Exploration. Geology: Porphyry
Rio Tinto’s La Granja property in Peru is in third place with 22.06 million tonnes of copper. Rio acquired La Granja over 12 years ago, but renewed the concession in 2019and paid US$5 million to continue exploring. The same year, it was rumored that Rio may team up with First Quantum Minerals to develop the mine.
#4 KSM
Development status: Prefeasibility. Geology: Porphyry, Skarn
Seabridge Gold’s Kerr-Sulphurets Mitchell (KSM) project in British Columbia is in fourth place with 21.25 million tonnes of copper. The US$5.3 billion project hosts four mineral deposits that will be operated as a combined open-pit and underground mine. Late last year, Seabridge announced its plans to reshape KSM by integrating the Snowfield porphyry deposit, acquired from Pretium Resources in December 2020.
#5 Nueva Union
Development status: Prefeasibility. Geology: Porphyry
Teck Resources and Newmont’s Nueva Unin 50/50 joint venture in Chile takes fifth place with a 16.69 million tonne copper resource. The project is located in the Atacama region, and annual copper production is estimated at 224,000 tonnes during the first five years of production.
#6 Tampakan
Development status: Feasibility. Geology: Porphyry
The Tampakan deposit on the Philippine island of Mindanao is in sixth place with 15.25 million tonnes of copper. Sagittarius Mines is seeking local approval for the proposed mine, which is estimated to yield an average of 375,000 tonnes of copper a year over a 17-year mine life.
#7 El Pachon
Development status: Advanced Exploration. Geology: Porphyry
Glencore’s El Pachn copper and silver project in the San Juan province of Argentina takes the seventh spot with a 15.04 million tonne resource. Glencore acquired the project from Xstrata Copper. El Pachn is a major long-life development project with the potential to initially produce 400,000 tonnes of copper per year.
#8 Lessard
Development status: Advanced Exploration. Geology: Volcanic Hosted Massive Sulphide
Landore Resources’ 13.59 millioin tonne Lessard project in Canada is in eighth place. Lessard is 107 km north of the town of Chibougamau in the province of Quebec, and comprises 109 claims on 2,168 hectares. Lessard hosts a copper-zinc-silver deposit with a historic resource reported in a feasibility study in 1975.
#9 Los Azules
Development status: Preliminary Economic Assessment. Geology: Porphyry, Supergene Copper
McEwen Mining formed a new company, McEwen Copper, to advance the 13.42 million tonne Los Azules project in Argentina. The first thing the company said it intends to do is build a new, low-altitude northern access road to provide year-round access to the site. The current exploration road is only passable for about five months a year.
Development status: Prefeasibility. Geology: Magmatic Sulphide
Angofagasta’s beleaguered Twin metals project in Minnesota rounds out the top ten with 12.96 million tonnes of copper. The company has asked U.S. officials to reconsider a proposed 20-year ban on mining in Minnesota’s Boundary Waters region, a plan announced last fall that would block Twin Metals altogether.
Download the data at Miningintelligence.