2018 was a terrible year for commodities, but few sectors fared as badly as lithium.
The crucial battery metal, also known as "
White petroleum", struggled through a 50 percent price correction as supply soared and demand fears spread like wildfire.
But it isn't time to give up on lithium stocks just yet.
The rising stars of the hard-rock lithium space are transforming the industry with their remarkable ability to extract lithium at a lower cost and faster pace than the lithium majors can from their brine deposits. In short, there's a new caliber of producer in town and - with lithium demand set to soar once again – their timing could not be better.
The three stand out companies in the hard-rock mining space at the moment are Albemarle (NYSE:ALB), Chinese Tianqi Lithium (SZSE:002466) and Power Metals (
TSXV: PWM;
OTC:PWRMF). And each of these companies are able to bring lithium to market faster and cleaner than their brine-based competitors.
Before examining the hard rock lithium space though, we need to take a closer look at the market itself. Overall, the supply-demand balance is actually much tighter than prices suggest. After all, the soaring demand from tech and energy sectors that triggered lithium's meteoric rise in 2018 didn't vanish overnight.
The lithium boom began in earnest in 2014, with prices rising from less than $6k a ton to more than $16k by 2018. With demand soaring, billions were invested in new mines, with salt brine deposits in Chile and China getting most of the attention.
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But after a few banner years, Wall Street started looking at Lithium with more suspicion. In February 2018 Morgan Stanley issued a crushing report: the firm determined that Chilean brine would add 200kt to the market by 2025, effectively doubling supply.
That sent
lithium prices plummeting. In China, lithium carbonate prices fell by 50.31%, crushed by reports of the over-supply.
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But by year's end, some of those fears had begun to dissipate. Huge projects that were expected to flood the market began experiencing delays.
You see, salt brine lithium production, which accounts for most of the market, takes a while to get going: salt water is pumped to the surface where it evaporates to form potassium deposits containing lithium.
Take
Orocobre in Brisbane, Australia, and its Salar de Olaroz facility in Argentina, which was meant to supply 42.5k tons. Delays, legal troubles and mounting expenses has brought the project basically to a halt.
Mining lithium through salt brine evaporation can generate big earnings, but only for firms with the capital to see them through: for that reason, the lithium sector is dominated by larger companies such as
Albemarle (
NYSE:ALB),
FMC (
NYSE:FMC) and
SQM (
NYSE:SQM)
These major firms saw their prices tank last year, as the lithium bubble burst in the wake of the Morgan Stanley report and fears of future over-supply.
But that doesn't mean the lithium party is over. In fact, it may have only just started.
Hard-rock lithium miners in hotspots such as Australia, Canada and China are warming up for the next bull run in this crucial commodity.
The legendary Greenbushes mine which is operated by Tianqi (SZSE:002466) and Albemarle (NYSE:ALB) has been in operation for 30 years, and produces a safe and ‘dry' source of lithium gained from ‘spodumene', a mineral that contains high-grade lithium.
On the other site of the planet in North-East Ontario, and not far from Tesla's battery producing ‘gigafactory' lies the prolific Case Lake property which is 100% claimed by Power Metals (
TSXV: PWM;
OTC:PWRMF)
The lithium holding spodumene here is found in pegmatite zones of which the metallurgy is
currently being tested by SGS Canada.
Hard rock miners do not only have cleaner production methods, they also have one leg up on the competition as they are likely to bring new supply to the marketplace quicker than their brine-mining peers do.
According to
Benchmark Minerals intelligence, there's a huge discrepancy between lithium prices and the lithium demand side.
In September 2018,
analysts at CRU estimated a lithium surplus for the year of only 22k tons, against demand of 277k tons.
Let's take a look at key demand drivers for lithium.
First, there's electric vehicles (EV). According to Argus Media, lithium ion batteries in EVs have increased from 10 GWh to 70 GWh in only a decade, with estimates placing the market to reach 223 GWh by 2025, an increase of 300x from current levels.
EVs have been taking off in the United States, with
sales increasing by 81% in 2018, though a more modest increase is expected in 2019. EVs take up 2.4% of total vehicles in the United States.
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Where demand is really soaring is in China. More than 2 million EVs will be sold this year, up from 1.1 million last year. It's part of the government's plan to
have 50% market share for EVs by 2025.
Consumers in Europe are also turning towards EVs, which now make up considerable portions of total vehicle fleets in Norway, Holland and France.
EV sales jumped 67% in Europe, led by affordable EV models from Renault and Nissan.
Fastmarket predicts EV market penetration of 15% by 2025, up from only 2% currently. But with such ambitious plans in place in China, one of the world's most important car markets, that figure could be on the conservative side.
According to
Simon Moores of Benchmark Minerals, EVs and an increase in battery storage demand "has sparked a wave of lithium ion battery mega factories," such as Tesla's famous Gigafactory. Currently, 70 lithium-ion battery "mega" factories are under construction, up from only 17 in October 2017.
Elon Musk wants 20 gigafactories producing lithium batteries for Tesla EVs by the next decade. Benchmark thinks new factories will be using up 534,000 tons in new demand (on top of current demand of 200,000 tons) by 2028.
That's the other demand side factor: as the energy storage sector grows, demand for lithium-ion batteries will grow by leaps and bounds.
By one estimate, the market could reach $92 billion by 2024, with a CAGR of 16%. The market was worth $21.6 billion in 2018.
A slightly
more conservative estimate has the market reaching $40 billion by 2025, but that's still nearly 100% in growth in less than a decade. Another estimate is $60 billion by 2024. Due to declining prices,
Bloomberg raised its forecast for lithium ion batteries due to lower than expected prices.
The best estimate is from
Global Market Insights, which predicts energy storage and automotive lithium ion battery demand to double by 2024.
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The expectation from GMI is that the bulk of new battery production will come from China, where batteries have a large internal market.
So how will this play out in the lithium sector?
One major take-away here is that traditional lithium production—through salt-brine evaporation—may lose market share to newer and more competitive production methods, particularly spodumene or "hard-rock" lithium mining, where the lithium is extracted by drilling directly into rich deposits.
Extracting lithium in this way is cheaper, easier and faster—and it's starting to
attract more attention, with multiple spodumene operations popping up in
Australia. Lithium giant Albemarle has gone so far as to halt all expansions of salt brine in South America, the so-called "lithium triangle," and has instead been pouring resources into the Greenbushes project, where capacity is doubling.
Demand for spodumene is reflecting rising prices, which spiked in 2018 even as lithium prices across the board were slumping.
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In 2018 there were four new spodumene operations. But in China, General Lithium Corp. is
planning a new mineral ore converter project that will triple production capacity for lithium by the end of 2020.
The plant will take in spodumene and convert it into lithium—60,000 tons per year, according to company estimates. That's from 135,000 tons of spodumene.
As we mentioned before, Canadian hard-rock miner Power Metals (
TSXV: PWM;
OTC:PWRMF) has drilled approximately 15,000 meters at its very valuable Case Lake
Property in North-East Ontario. In fact, Power Metals drilled more than any other hard rock lithium company in North America last year. The size of its deposits are quite impressive and easy to mine as they are concentrated very close to the surface. The average grade is also world class, and at approximately
1.75% Li20 with intervals as high as 3.5%, it competes directly with projects like Greenbushes in Australia, the world's largest operating hard-rock lithium mine.
Next to the prolific Case Lake project, Power Metals is also developing the Paterson Lake and Gullwing Tot Lake properties in Ontario, which, according to its
VP of exploration Julie Selway, could be the next gamechanging hard-rock lithium plays in Canada.
Power Metals is just one example of this new trend in the lithium space. The entire sector is being transformed from within, and with prices stabilizing there are plenty of opportunities for investors in 2019.
A lithium renaissance is well and truly underway, and it is hard-rock miners who find themselves at the forefront of this movement.
By. Charles Kennedy
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By Charles Kennedy for Oilprice.com